Elbow Sprains and Strains: Understanding, Treatment, and Recovery

Overview: What are Elbow Sprains and Strains?

Elbow Sprain or Strain describes injuries to the muscles, ligaments, and tendons around the elbow that are torn or overstretched. These injuries can occur in isolation or can be seen in conjunction with a fracture. An elbow sprain or strain may range from mild to severe.

Types of Elbow Sprains and Strains

Here is a brief explanation of ligament, muscle and tendon sprains:

1. Ligament Sprains:

Definition: A ligament connects bones and provides stability to joints. A sprain is described when the ligaments are overstretched or torn.
Elbow Example: Elbow ligament sprains often involve the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) and are typically caused by sudden twisting or trauma.
Symptoms: Pain, swelling, and instability in the elbow joint.

2. Muscle Strains:

Definition: A muscle strain happens when muscle fibres are overstretched or torn, typically due to overuse or sudden force.
Elbow Example: Elbow muscle strains often affect the muscles involved in bending or straightening the arm, like the biceps or triceps.
Symptoms: Pain, weakness, and difficulty moving the elbow, possibly accompanied by swelling.

3. Tendon Strains:

Definition: A tendon connects muscles to bones. A strain occurs when the tendons are overstretched or damaged.
Elbow Example: Tendon strains around the elbow often involve tendons attached to the forearm muscles, leading to conditions like “tennis elbow” (lateral epicondylitis).
Symptoms: Pain, tenderness, and stiffness around the tendon, especially during movement.

Each of these conditions can result from overuse, improper technique, or trauma and affect the elbow’s soft tissues differently.

Prevalence of Elbow Sprains and Strains

Elbow sprains and strains are common injuries, especially in athletes and individuals engaged in repetitive arm motions. Sports like tennis, baseball, and weightlifting are associated with a higher prevalence due to the repetitive stress placed on the elbow joint. Occupational tasks involving frequent arm movements can also contribute to these injuries. While both conditions can affect individuals of all ages, they are more frequent in adults and active populations. Elbow sprains are particularly common in contact sports, while strains often result from overuse or improper technique during physical activities.

Symptoms and Causes

What Causes Elbow Sprains and Strains?

Elbow sprains are caused by overstretching or tearing of the ligaments, usually due to sudden twisting, falls, or direct trauma to the elbow. Elbow strains result from overstretching or tearing of the muscles or tendons, typically caused by repetitive motion, overuse, or improper technique during activities like lifting or sports.

Risk Factors for Elbow Sprains and Strains:

Sports: Activities like tennis, softball, or gymnastics increase risk due to repetitive arm movements.
Occupational Hazards: Jobs involving heavy lifting or frequent arm movements can lead to strains or sprains.
Poor Technique: Incorrect form during physical activities, especially in weightlifting or sports.
Previous Injuries: Prior elbow injuries increase susceptibility to future sprains and strains.

Complications of Untreated Elbow Sprains and Strains:

Chronic Pain: Untreated injuries may lead to long-term discomfort and pain.
Instability: Ligament sprains can cause joint instability, making future injuries more likely.
Reduced Range of Motion: Persistent stiffness and limited flexibility in the elbow.
Weakened Muscles: Over time, untreated strains can weaken the muscles around the elbow, affecting strength and function.

Diagnosis and Tests

How Are Elbow Sprains and Strains Diagnosed?

Elbow sprains and strains are diagnosed based on medical history, physical examination, and imaging tests. A healthcare provider will assess the elbow for pain, swelling, bruising, and range of motion. They will ask about the injury mechanism and symptoms to help differentiate between a sprain or strain.

Tests Providers Use to Confirm These Injuries:

Physical Examination:

Range of Motion Tests: To assess flexibility and stiffness.
Palpation: Checking for tenderness and swelling.
Strength Tests: Evaluating muscle strength and function.
Imaging Tests:

X-ray: Used to rule out fractures or dislocations that could accompany the injury.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Provides images of soft tissues (ligaments, muscles, tendons) to detect sprains or strains.
Ultrasound: This is used to assess soft tissue damage and tendon injuries, particularly in strains.

Access Ortho will use the appropriate diagnostic tools to help determine the extent of the injury and guide appropriate treatment. Access Ortho is staffed by specialists in orthopaedic care, ensuring your injury is assessed and managed by those who understand musculoskeletal injuries.

Specific Considerations for Elbow Sprains and Strains

Differentiating Between Sprains and Strains

Sprain and strain are often used interchangeably. However, the following is a brief guide to what they refer to.

Sprains:
- Involve the ligaments, which connect bones to bones.
- It is caused by overstretching or tearing of ligaments due to sudden twisting, falls, or impact.
- Symptoms include joint instability, swelling, bruising, and difficulty moving the joint.
- A sprain typically involves a popping sensation at the time of injury.
Strains:
- Involve the muscles or tendons, which connect muscles to bones.
- Caused by overstretching or tearing due to overuse, improper technique, or forceful muscle contraction.
- Symptoms include muscle weakness, pain, cramping, and stiffness, with difficulty using the affected muscles.
- Strains often result from repetitive stress or overuse.

Common Sports-Related Elbow Injuries:

Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis):

This is an overuse injury affecting the tendons on the outside of the elbow, common in racquet sports.
Caused by repetitive gripping and wrist extension.
Golfer’s Elbow (Medial Epicondylitis):

Similar to tennis elbow but affects the tendons on the inside of the elbow.
Caused by repetitive wrist flexion, common in golf and throwing sports.
Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL) Sprain:

Ligament sprain caused by repetitive overhead motions, common in baseball pitchers.
It can lead to elbow instability and may require surgical repair (e.g., Tommy John surgery).
Elbow Dislocation:

Occurs when the bones in the elbow are pushed out of alignment, often due to a fall onto an outstretched hand.
Common in contact sports like rugby or wrestling.
Distal Biceps Tendon Tear:

A tear of the biceps tendon near the elbow, often caused by heavy lifting or sudden arm extension in sports.
Requires surgical repair for full recovery.

These injuries occur due to repetitive movements, improper technique, or trauma during sports activities. If you have concerns about your elbow due to a recent injury or onset of symptoms, contact Access Ortho for an appointment.

Management and Treatment

How Are Elbow Sprains and Strains Treated?

Treatment for elbow sprains and strains depends on the severity of the injury. It typically begins with conservative management and progresses to physiotherapy or medical interventions if needed. After a thorough assessment, Access Ortho will be able to guide you in the best treatment for your injury.

Conservative Management (RICE Method):

Rest: It is important to avoid activities that put strain on the elbow, allowing the injured tissues time to heal.
Ice: Apply ice packs for 15-20 minutes at a time, several times a day to reduce swelling and pain.
Compression: Compression using an elastic bandage or compression sleeve to minimise swelling and provide support.
Elevation: Keep the elbow elevated above heart level to help reduce swelling, especially in the initial days after injury.

Physiotherapy:

Stretching and Strengthening Exercises: A physiotherapist will prescribe exercises to help restore movement and strength to the elbow, focusing on the muscles and tendons around the joint.
Manual Therapy: Hands-on techniques by the therapist to improve mobility and relieve stiffness in the elbow.
Electrotherapy: Modalities like ultrasound or TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) may be used to promote healing and reduce pain.
Ergonomic and Technique Training: Education on proper techniques for sports or daily activities to avoid re-injury and correct any biomechanical issues.
Bracing or Taping: This may be used to provide additional support to the elbow during recovery and activity.

Medical Interventions:

Medications: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen can help manage pain and inflammation.
Corticosteroid Injections: In cases of severe inflammation, injections may be given to reduce pain and swelling in the elbow.
Surgery is reserved for severe cases, especially with complete ligament or tendon tears. Surgical intervention may be needed to repair torn tissues, such as the Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL) in pitchers.
Immobilisation: In severe sprains or strains, a splint or brace may be used to immobilise the elbow for a period of time to promote healing.

A combination of conservative care, physiotherapy, and medical intervention can lead to a full recovery, depending on the injury’s severity. Contact Access Ortho today for an assessment.

Prevention

How Can I Prevent Elbow Sprains and Strains?

Warm-Up Properly: Engage in dynamic stretching and gentle exercises to prepare the elbow and surrounding muscles for activity.
Use Proper Technique: Ensure correct form during sports, lifting, and other physical activities to avoid overstressing the elbow joint.
Strengthen Muscles: Perform strengthening exercises targeting the muscles around the elbow, forearm, and shoulder to provide better support and stability.
Avoid Overuse: Take breaks during repetitive tasks or sports to prevent strain on the elbow. Gradually increase intensity when starting new activities.
Use Protective Gear: Wear braces or supportive gear when needed, especially during high-risk activities or sports.
Maintain Flexibility: Regular stretching of the elbow, forearm, and shoulder muscles can improve flexibility and reduce the risk of injury.

By following these steps, you can reduce the likelihood of experiencing elbow sprains and strains.

Outlook / Prognosis

What Can I Expect After an Elbow Sprain or Strain?

After an elbow sprain or strain, you can expect:

Initial Pain and Swelling: Discomfort and swelling are common in the early stages but will reduce with proper treatment.
Limited Movement: You may experience difficulty moving the elbow due to pain or stiffness.
Gradual Recovery: With rest and treatment, your elbow will gradually regain strength, flexibility, and range of motion.
Rehabilitation: Physiotherapy may be necessary to restore full function and prevent future injury.

Recovery Time from Elbow Sprains and Strains:

Mild Sprains or Strains: Recovery typically takes 1-3 weeks with rest and conservative treatment (RICE).
Moderate Sprains or Strains: Healing may take 3-6 weeks, possibly involving physiotherapy to regain strength and mobility.
Severe Sprains or Strains: Recovery can take several months, especially if surgery or intensive rehabilitation is required, with a longer healing period for ligament or tendon tears.

Recovery times vary based on how severe the injury is and adherence to treatment plans. The Orthopaedic team will advise you and offer follow-up care for your injury to ensure your return to normal activities can occur as soon as possible while minimising the risk of re-injury.

When Should I Seek Medical Attention?

If you experience any of the following after an elbow sprain or strain, it’s important to seek professional medical evaluation:

Severe Pain: Intense or worsening pain that doesn’t improve with rest and over-the-counter pain relief.
Inability to Move the Elbow: Difficulty or inability to bend, straighten, or rotate the elbow.
Swelling and Bruising: Significant swelling or bruising that persists or worsens over time.
Numbness or Tingling: Any sensation of numbness, tingling, or weakness in the upper limb, which may indicate nerve damage.
Joint Instability: A feeling of looseness or instability in the elbow, suggesting a more severe ligament injury.
Deformity: Visible deformity or abnormal appearance of the elbow, possibly indicating a dislocation or fracture.
Persistent Symptoms: If pain, swelling, or limited movement continues for more than a few days despite conservative treatment.

These signs may indicate more serious damage, such as ligament tears, fractures, or nerve involvement, requiring specialised care or imaging tests for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Understanding Sports Medicine Clinics

Role of Specialised Clinics such as Access Ortho in Elbow Sprain/Strain Management:

Expert Diagnosis:

Specialised Orthopaedic clinics such as Access Ortho have healthcare professionals trained in assessing and managing musculoskeletal injuries. Access Ortho is staffed by Orthopaedic Surgeons and Orthopaedic Nurse Practitioners who are experienced in diagnosing and treating elbow injuries.

Tailored Treatment Plans:

Access Ortho will develop a personalised treatment plan based on the severity and type of elbow sprain or strain. Treatment may include a combination of conservative management, referral for physiotherapy, and, if necessary, referral for surgical intervention.

Prevention and Education:

Access Ortho will provide education on injury prevention, proper techniques, and ergonomics to avoid future injuries. They also offer guidance on safe return-to-sport or return-to-work protocols.

Follow-Up and Monitoring:

Access Ortho offers regular follow-up appointments to assess recovery progress, adjust treatment as needed, ensure effective recovery, and prevent recurrence. You will be cared for in the clinic until you reach full recovery. If you need surgery, a referral will be arranged.
Following an injury, there are various Fracture clinics, Urgent Care centres, and emergency departments you can attend. Access Ortho only manages orthopaedic injuries such as sprains, strains, and fractures, offering specialist care in this area. Attending Access Ortho is a convenient and rapid way to get expert Orthopaedic advice, ensuring comprehensive management and optimal recovery outcomes.

Frequently Asked Questions About Elbow Sprains and Strains

What’s the difference between an elbow sprain and a strain?

Sprain and strain are often used to describe any injury involving muscles, ligaments, or tendons. They can be referred to interchangeably, as frequently, an injury may include a combination of muscle, ligament, and tendon.

Elbow Strain: Affects the muscles or tendons (tissues connecting muscles to bones) due to overstretching or overuse. Symptoms include muscle weakness, pain, and stiffness.
Elbow Sprain: Involves overstretching or tearing of the ligaments (tissues connecting bones). Symptoms include pain, swelling, and instability.

How can I tell if my elbow injury is serious?

It is important to seek medical care if you have severe pain, inability to move the elbow, significant swelling or bruising, numbness or tingling, joint instability, or visible deformity. In addition, if your injury is not improving quickly, you should see medical care.

Are elbow sprains and strains common in certain sports?

Elbow sprains and strains are common in sports involving repetitive arm movements or heavy lifting, such as tennis, baseball, golf, and weightlifting.

What is the best way to treat elbow pain at home?

The best immediate care for an elbow injury at home is to use the RICE method: Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation. Over-the-counter pain relievers may also help reduce pain and inflammation. If your injury is not improving rapidly, you should seek medical attention.

How long does it typically take to recover from an elbow sprain or strain?

Recovery time for an elbow sprain or strain varies: mild cases may take 1-3 weeks, moderate cases 3-6 weeks, and severe cases several months, depending on the severity and treatment.

Will I need physiotherapy for my elbow injury?

The need for physiotherapy depends on the severity of the injury. Physiotherapy is often recommended for moderate to severe cases to restore strength, flexibility, and function.

Can I still exercise with an elbow sprain or strain?

Light exercise may be possible after an elbow injury, but avoiding activities that stress the injured elbow is crucial. It is very important to consult a healthcare provider for guidance on safe exercises.

What is tennis elbow, and how is it related to elbow strains?

Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) is a common strain of the tendons on the outside of the elbow caused by repetitive stress or overuse, often seen in racquet sports.

When can I return to normal activities after an elbow sprain or strain?

Return to activities after an elbow sprain or strain should be gradual and based on recovery progress. Consult a healthcare provider or physiotherapist to determine the appropriate timing for resuming normal activities.

What exercises help in recovering from elbow sprains and strains?

Common exercises to help recovery from an elbow sprain or strain include:

Gentle Stretching: To improve flexibility.
Isometric Exercises: To strengthen muscles without moving the elbow.
Resistance Band Exercises: To build strength in the elbow and forearm.
Range of Motion Exercises: To restore full movement.

Always consult with your medical team or physiotherapist before beginning an exercise regimen to ensure it is appropriate for your specific condition.